有机化学知识点归纳(二).doc

有机化学知识点归纳(二).doc有机化学知识点归纳(二)hemistry(two)First,pounds1Definitionsoffunctionalgroups:atoms,clusters,pounds・Thefunctionalgroups,poundsalkane(A)functionalgroup:No;H2n+2;representation:CH4B)structuralfeatures:thebondangleis109degrees28',andthespaceistetrahedralmolecule・SoarethefourvaleneebondsofeachCatominthealkanemolecule・(C)chemicalproperties:substitutionreactions(withhalogenelements,bustionPyrolysisolefins:;functionalgroups:H2n(n=2);representative:II2C二CII2structuralfeatures:thebondangleis120degrees,andthedoublebondcarbonatomiscoplanarwiththefouratomsitconnects・chemicalproperties:Additionreaction(withX2,H2,HX,H20,etc.)Dimerizationreaction(withitself,otherolefins)Burning[source:collegeentraneeexamination%workKS%5U]alkynes:Agroup:C二C);H2n-2(n=2);representative:HC二CHB)structuralfeatures:thebondanglebetweencarboncarbonthreebondandsinglebondis180degrees・:H2n-6(n=6);representative:structuralfeatures:thebondangleofbenzenemoleculeis120degrees,theplaneregularhexagonstructure,6Catomsand6Hatomscoplanar・chemicalproperties:Thesubstitutionreaction(HN03,H2S04,andbromine)Additionreaction(withH2,C12,etc・)alcohol:[source:collegeentranceexamination%workKS%5U](A)functionalgroup:OH(alcoholhydroxyl);representative:CH3CH20H,H0CH2CH20Hfeatures:hydroxylsubstitutedhydrocarbonmolecules(oralicyclicmolecules,phenylsidechain)productobtainedbyhydrogenatom・Thestructureissimilartothatofhydrocarbons・chemicalproperties:ThesubstitutionofahydroxylhydrogenatombyalivingmetalReactionwithhalogenacidCatalyticoxidation(alpha-H)Thecarbonatomdirectlyconnectedwiththefunctionalgroupiscalledalphacarbonatom,andthecarbonatomadjacenttothealphacarbonatomiscalledbetacarbonatom,,betacarbonatom, Theassociatedhydrogenatomsarecalledalphahydrogenatoms,betahydrogenatoms,and・・・Esterificationreaction(anicacid):aldehydesandketones(A)functionalgroups:(or-CHO),(or-CO-);representatives:CH3CHO,HCHO,structuralfeatures:thebondanglesof