Slovak ‘no’ and its pragmatic meanings and functions in relation to prosody Lucia Mareková.pdf

该【Slovak ‘no’ and its pragmatic meanings and functions in relation to prosody Lucia Mareková 】是由【tiros009】上传分享，文档一共【14】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【Slovak ‘no’ and its pragmatic meanings and functions in relation to prosody Lucia Mareková 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..TopicsinLinguistics(2020),21(1),--2020-0001Slovak‘no’anditspragmaticmeaningsandfunctionsinrelationtoprosodyLuciaMareková,?tefanBeňu?*hePhilosopherUniversityinNitra,SlovakiaAbstractThispaperexaminesthecontributionsoflexicalcontextandprosodyontheperceptionoftheSlovakparticle‘no’,[n?]‘okay’,‘no’.Wefoundthatboth-contextandprosody-toagreatextentinfluencethedisambiguationof‘no’,butcontextprovidesbetterinformationaboutthefunctionofSlovak‘no’.Additionally,paredwithmalesandmiddle-agedadults,,prosody,discoursemarkers,cuephrases,Slovak‘no’‘no’,[n?]‘no’isadiscoursemarkerwithvariousfunctionalmeaningsthataresimilartothoseoftheEnglishdiscoursemarkers‘okay’,‘well’and‘now’.Discoursemarkerssignalthespeaker’sattitudestowardsthediscussedtopic;theysignalthespeaker’sassumptionsaboutthelistener’sknowledge;theyorganize,manageorconnectwhatwesay;anizationofspokeninteractions;;‘no’couldhelpustounderstandthenatureofhumandialoguebetter;‘no’hasmultipleprosodicrealizationswhichimplydifferentmeaningsandfunctions,peopleareabletodecodeitsmeaningineverydayface-to-‘no’,,thespeakerisabletomodifytheinformationandintentions/hewantstoconveytohis/.*Addressforcorrespondence:?tefanBeňu?,hePhilosopherUniversity,FacultyofArts,DepartmentofEnglishandAmericanStudies,?tefánikova67,94974Nitra,-mail:******@:..TopicsinLinguistics(2020),21(1),-,wetestedhowpeopleperceivethefunctionof‘no’esstolexicalcontext,‘no’.Althoughcontextwasabettercuethanprosody,,eventhoughwomenwerenotbetterthanmenintheinterpretationof‘no’accordingtoprosodiccues,:section2presentsatheoreticaloverviewofdiscoursemarkersandcuephrases,theirfunctionsandfeatures;itintroducestheSlovakparticle‘no’,,,inwhichwewereinterestedinthesubjects’abilitytodistinguishbetweenvariousfunctionsof‘no’,andsection5discussesthefindingsinrelationtothecurrentunderstandingoftheprosody-,,(alsoknownasdiscoursemarkersorcluewords)“functionasexplicitindicatorsofthestructureofadiscourse”(HirschbergandLitman,1993,).Theselinguisticelementsshapenaturalmunicationandconveyinformationthataspeakerwishestopasstohis/:“(…)”(Andersen,2001,).Cuephrasesareoneofthemeansofsignallingthisintentionalbehaviour-theyareacodestandingformunicator’“discoursemarkers”andproposes,inhisopinion,amoreappropriateterm-“pragmaticmarkers”:“(…)thelabel‘pragmatic’ismeanttosuggestarelativelylowdegreeoflexicalspecificityandahighdegreeofcontext-sensitivity”(Andersen,2001,).Hearguesthatcuephrasesare“pragmatic”becausetheycontributetoinferentialprocesses(suchasenrichment,loosening-verytypicalfunctionsofthediscoursemarker‘like’),thediscoursemarker‘youknow’expressesthattheinformationthespeakereassomethingnew/,thehearer(addressee)anizehis/hercontextualbackground(Andersen,2001,).?lker′s(1988)fourfeaturesofdiscoursemarkers:“(1)theydonotaffectthetruthconditionsofanutterance;(2)theydonotaddanythingtothepropositionalcontentofanutterance;(3)theyarerelatedtothespeechsituationandnottothesituationtalkedabout;and(4)theyhaveanemotive,expressivefunctionratherthanareferential,denotative,orcognitivefunction”(JuckerandZiv,1998,).JuckerandZiv(1998,)alsointroduceBrinton’s(1996):..TopicsinLinguistics(2020),21(1),-14Thisdefinitionofcuephrases’ordingtodifferentpointsofview;Brintondefines:?phonologicalandlexicalfeatures?Cuephrasesareshortandphonologicallyreduced;?theyformaseparatetonegroup;?theyaremarginalforms,whicharedifficulttoplacewithinatraditionalwordclass.?syntacticfeatures?Cuephrasesarerestrictedtothesentence-initialposition;?uroutsidethesyntacticstructure;?theyareoptional.?semanticfeature?Cuephraseshavelittleornopropositionalmeaning.?functionalfeature?Cuephrasesaremultifunctional.?sociolinguisticandstylisticfeatures?Cuephrasesareafeatureoforalratherthanwrittendiscourseandareassociatedwithinformality;?theyappearwithhighfrequency;?theyarestylisticallystigmatized;?theyarebiologicalsexspecific,moretypicalofwomen’,,’sopinionwhichisrelatedtoBrinton’ssemanticfeaturedefinition(cuephraseshavelittleornopropositionalmeaning).Andersenarguesthat“non-propositionalityisonlypartlyavalidcriterion,becausesomepragmaticmarkerscanbeseentohavetruth-conditionalimplications:“ratherthantakingnon-ranted,Iarguethatamoreprecisedescriptionofpragmaticmarkersisthattheyguidethehearerinutteranceinterpretationandconstraintheidentificationoftheintendedexplicitandimplicitmeaningofanutterance”(Andersen,2001,-41).‘incidentally’.Whilethisword“maybeusedsententiallyasanadverbial,forexample,thediscourseuseinitiatesadigression”(HirschbergandLitman,1993,).Morerecentanalysesalsoinvestigatethedisambiguationamongseveraldiscoursemeaningsofcuephrases.(HirschbergandLitman,1993).Inthefollowingexamplewepresentthedisambiguationamongtwodiscoursemeaningsof‘okay’-acknowledgment(1)andcuebeginning(2):(1).(2),it’,Gravanoetal.(2007)identifyatleast10functionsof‘okay’inAmericanEnglish,suchasacknowledgment,agreement,backchannel,cuebeginning,pivot,‘alright’andcuebeginningwith‘so’.Andthesetwo,inturn,mightsignalfunctionsthat‘okay’,Brinton(1996)firstlyintroducedglobalfunctionsofcuephrasesonthetextuallevel:“(a)tomarkvariouskindsofboundaries(toinitiateorendadiscourseunitortoeffectashifttotopic),and(b)toassistinturn-takinginoraldiscourseor“chunking”(markingofepisodeorparagraph)inwrittendiscourse.”Secondly,onthe3:..TopicsinLinguistics(2020),21(1),-14interpersonallevel,Brintonintroducedthefollowingtwofunctions:“(a)subjectively,toexpressspeakerattitude,and(b)interactively,toachieveintimacybetweenspeakerandaddressee(forexample,bymonknowledge)”(Brinton,1996,).‘no’Slovaklinguistictradition(,2004)definesparticlesasexpressive-evaluativewordswhichareusedbyalanguageusertosubjectivelyexpresshis/herrelationshiptothecontents/íkcharacterizesparticlesas“parexcellenceexpressive,personalwords”(Mistrík,1997,).,cuephrasesarerepresentedbyhighlyusedparticleslike‘okay’,‘well’,or‘now’.InSlovak,‘no’hasverysimilarfunctionsandsharesmanypragmaticmeaningsandfunctionsthataretypicalforEnglishdiscoursemarkers().Slovak‘no’isashortformof‘áno’meaning‘yes’,?(2012)introducesthesynopsisofvariousno-,‘no’canconveytheconjunctivemeaningof‘but’;itcanalsofunctionasabackchannel,opictoanother,‘no’usingthisexamplefromourcorpus:(3)a.?ojeto?Sútonohy?Whatisit?Areitlegs?‘Whatisit?Aretheylegs?’,vyzerátoakochodidlá.Well,looksitlikefeet.‘Well,itlookslikefeet.’Inthisexample,‘no’,‘no’,althoughthesecharacteristicsmightbeappropriateforwrittencommunication,‘no’inthisexampledoesnotaffectthemaininformationthatsomethinglookslikefeet,-hesitation,uncertainty,agreement-,,B’sutterancecouldconveyameaningthattheobjectsonthescreenmightbefeetbutitispossiblethatitisnot-‘no’shouldberestrictedtothesentence-initialposition().Eventhoughthisparticleisusuallyusedinthisposition,:(4)ís?vyzdvihnú?ten,no,,youknow,thatpaper‘Iwouldliketogoandpickupthat,youknow,thatpapertomorrow.’Therefore,forou