Latitudinal patterns in Pteridophyte distribution of Continental Chile 2015 MARíA JOSé PARRA.pdf

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(1):58-69,(1),2015ISSN0016-5301
LatitudinalpatternsinPteridophytedistributionofContinentalChile
PatroneslatitudinalesdedistribucióndelasPteridófitasenChilecontinental
MaríaJoséParra1,robertoroDríGuez2,lohenGrincaVieres2,laureanaMuñoz-taPia3&cristian
atala3*
1UniversidadSanSebastián,FacultaddeCiencia,DepartamentodeCienciasBiológicasyQuímicas,Cruz1577,
Concepción,Chile.
2UniversidaddeConcepción,FacultaddeCienciasNaturalesyOceanográficas,DepartamentodeBotánica,Casilla
160-C,Concepción,Chile.
3PontificiaUniversidadCatólicadeValparaíso,CampusCurauma,FacultaddeCiencias,InstitutodeBiología,
LaboratoriodeAnatomíayEcologíaFuncionaldePlantas,Curauma,Chile.
*cristian.******@
ABSTRACT
Chileanvegetationhasbeendescribedbasedondominanttreesandshrubs,givinglittleattentiontolessconspicuousplantssuchas
pteridophytessensulato(fernsandlycophytes).Theseplantshavedifferentecologicaldemandsandreproductivestrategiesthanwoody

taxaoccurringincontinentalChile,’ssimilarityindexand
groupinganalysis,
unimodalpatternwithlatitude,increasingfrom17ºStowardsouthuptoamaximalvalueat40ºSandabruptlydecreasingsouthward.
,epiphytic
pteridophytesincreasedwithlatitude,,butshoweda
,whichisconsideredalimitingresourcefor
pteridophytes’lifecycle.
Keywords:Pteridophytes,geographicdistribution,speciesrichness,habitatpreferences,Jaccard’sindex.
RESUMEN
LavegetacióndeChilesehadescritobasadaenlosárbolesyarbustosdominantes,prestandopocaatenciónaplantasmenosconspicuas
comolaspteridófitassensulato(helechosylicófitas).Estasplantastienendiferentesdemandasecológicasyestrategiasreproductivasquelas
plantasleñ,analizamoslospatronesdedistribución
de124taxadepteridófitosdeChilecontinental,enparticular,ladistribucióndelariquezadeespeciesylaspreferenciasdehábitatdelas
índicedesimilituddeJaccardyanálisisdeagrupamientoseobtuvieron5zonaspteridofíticassignificativamentediferentes
entresí.Ladistribucióndelariquezaespecíficamostróunatendenciaunimodalconlalatitud,aumentandodesdelos17ºShastallegaraun
valormáximoalos40ºS,ábitat,dondelasespeciesxerofíticas
,lospteridófitosepífitosincrementanconlalatitud,
especieshigrofíticasterrestresseencuentranpresentesentodaslasáreas,
importanteroldelospatronesdeprecipitación,factorconsideradocomolimitanteparaelciclodevidadelaspteridofitas.
Palabrasclave:Pteridófitas,distribucióngeográfica,riquezadeespecies,preferenciasdehábitat,índicedeJaccard.
INTRODUCTIONExtantChileanvegetationhasbeendescribedmainly
fromaphytosociologicalperspective(Gajardo1994,
ContinentalChileextendsfrom17º30’Sto56ºS,Oberdorfer1960,Schmithüsen1956).Gajardo(1994)
correspondingtoapproximately4,300kmoflatitudinaldefinedeightregionsinChile:desert,high-elevation
,temperaturedecreasesandprecipitation(Andean)grassland,shrublandandsclerophyllousforest,
increaseswithincreasinglatitude,producingasuccessionofdeciduousforest,laurifoliumforest(alsocalledValdivian
climaticzonesfromextremelydryandwarminthenorthern-forest),Andean-Patagonianforest,evergreenforestandpeat
mostextreme,tocoldandmoistinthesouth(DiCastri&bogs,,
Hajek1976).Theresultingvegetationisheterogeneousandhowever,arebasedmainlyondominantwoodyspecies(.
characteristicofeachclimaticzone(Grau1995).treesandshrubs),excludinglessconspicuouselementsofthe
58:.
PteridophytedistributionofcontinentalChile:Parra,.
florasuchasmosses,andpteridophyteswhichhavedifferentthesedataweelaboratedamatrixofpresence/absencefor

plants,anddependonfreewaterfortheirsexualreproductionweregisteredthetotalnumberofspeciesperlatitudinalstrip
(Castán&Vetaas2005,Pausas&Sáez2000).Thus,their(of1º)
distributioniscloselyassociatedwithwateravailabilityanddeterminethelatitudinaldistributionofspeciesrichness.
precipitation().ThereforetheyareexcellentTodetectbrakesinthelatitudinaldistributionof
toolsforrecognizingecologicallymeaningfulvegetationpteridophytesspecies,weconductedagroupinganalysis,
zones(Frahm&Gradstein1991,Hemp2002).followedbyasignificantaggregationdetectionanalysis
ThefirststudiesofferndistributioninChilewere().First,wecalculatedthefloristicsimilarity
conductedbyLooser(1932),whodividedChileinfivebetweenOGUsusingtheJaccard’sindex.

continentalzones(roughlynorth,centralandsouth),andTheJaccard’sindexiscalculatedasfollow:
ándezC
archipelago,andtheotheronecorrespondedtoEasterIslandJaccard´sindex=
(A+B-C)
(PascuaorRapaNui).Rodríguez(1989),followingCabrera
&Willink(1973),proposedfivebiogeographicregionsfor
continentalferns:High-elevationAndeanprovince,PuneñaWhereAandBarethenumberofspeciespresentexclusively
province,desertprovince,centralprovince,andsubantarticinthelatitudinalstripsaandb,respectively,andCisthe
&Figueroa(1989)usedasimilaritynumberofspeciespresentinbothstrips.
analysistorecognizesixpteridophytezones,resultinginaAfterwards,usingtheUPGMAalgorithm(Unweighted
divisionsimilartoLooser(1932),butaddingMochaIslandPairGroupMethodwithArithmeticMean,aclustering
)weobtainedadendrogramgroupingthelatitudinal
waysofsubdividingChileanterritory,
thatcontinentalChilehasthreemainzones-northern,central,thestatisticalsignificanceofeachnodeofthedendrogram
andsouthern-.(1986).Inthismethod,the
quantitativelyaddressestheexistenceofthesepteridophyticsimilaritymatrixistransformedto+,-,or0,dependingon
,weanalyzedthewhetherthesimilarityvaluebetweentwoadjacentstripsis
,lower,orequaltothatexpectedfora

speciesrichness,andhabitatrequirements,informationdistributionwereobtainedfromReal(1999)andbasedon
-
Forthepresentstudyweconsiderinformallypteridophytesinmatrixofsignsthatincludesonlythelatitudinalstripsofthe
broadsense,-matrixthreezonesareestablished:
mainlybecausetheirsharesomebiologicalandecologicalzoneAandzoneB,whichcorrespondtothelatitudinalstrips
,andzoneAxB,correspondingto

nodewasevaluatedthroughanindependencetest(G-test)
MATERIALSANDMETHODSforthedistributionof+,-,and0signsamongthethree
,wecalculatedGSandGWparameters
Thecountrywasdividedinto38latitudinalstripscalledthatdeterminewhethertheseparationproducedbythenode
operationalgeographicunits(OGUs)of1º,respectively(McCoyed
UsingtheUniversidaddeConcepciónHerbarium(CONC)1986).Forthepresentstudyweconsideredonlythestrong
databaseweestablishedpresence/absenceofeachofthesegregationsorbrakes(GS).
124pteridophytetaxareportedinChile(Rodríguez1995)inAfterestablishingthefloristiczones,weanalyzed


(hygrophytic,xerophytic,
purposes,morerecentstudiesindicatethatcontinentalChileaquaticandepiphytic)acrossthelatitudinalzonesobtained
couldincludemorepteridophytetaxa().
FortaxonomicconsiderationswefollowedRodríguezdescriptionsfoundinRodríguez(1995).Hygrophyticreferred
(1995)andothermorerecentstudies(Macluf&Hikey2007,toplantsfoundinmoistenvironments,xerophytictoplants
Rodríguez&Ponce2008,Arana&Ollgaard2012,Larsenetfoundindryenvironments,aquatictoplantslivingtotallyor
).Wethenmappedthedistributionofeachspeciesinpartiallysubmerged,andepiphytictoplantsthatliveonother
.
59:.
(1),2015
RESULTShieronymi,Marsileamollis,Pellaeamyrtillifolia,Salvinia
auriculata.
Wefoundfivesignificantlydifferentsintheclusteranalysisof
pteridophytelatitudinaldistributiononcontinentalChile(:Isthelargerarea,itextendsfrom35ºSto46ºS,
1).ThesignificancevaluesoftheG-testforweaksegregationanditcontains98taxa(TableII).Themostcharacteristic
(GW)andstrongsegregation(GS)areshown(TableI).Thespeciesspeciesare:Aspleniumtrilobum,Blechnum
resultsshowthatcontinentalChilehasfivesignificantlyarcuatum,,,,B.
differentfloristicareasofpteridophytesfromNorthtoSouthmicrophyllum,,Dryopteris
().OGUsat27ºSand48ºSseparatedearlyfromtherestfilix-mas,Elaphoglossumgayanum,,,
,
toextremelyaridzones(27°S),,
land(48°S).Weregistered124pteridophytetaxaintotal,,,,H.
distributedincontinentalChile,withdifferencesinspeciesfusiforme,,,,
numberperfloristicarea(TableII).,,Lophosoria
The5areascorrespondto:quadripinnata,Diphasiumgayanum,Lycopodium
area1:Extendsfrom17ºSto22ºSanditcontains18taxapaniculatum,Megalastrumspectabile,Ophioglossum
(TableII).Themostcharacteristicspecies(presentinmostcrotalophoroides,ñezii,
quadrantswithinthearea)are:Aspleniumgilliesii,,,
montevidensis,Cheilanthesarequipensis,,,,Pteris
,,andTrichomanesexsectum.
area2:Extendsfrom23ºSto26ºSanditcontains12area5:Extendsfrom47ºSto55ºSanditcontains50taxa
taxa(TableII).Themostcharacteristicspeciesspecies(TableII).Thetwomostcharacteristicspeciesspeciesare
are:Aspleniumperuvianum,CheilanthesbonariensisandBotrychiumduseniiandHuperziafuegiana.
Polypodiumpycnocarpum.
area3:Extendsfrom28ºSto34ºSanditcontains42Thefullspecieslistperfloristicareawiththespecies’authors
taxa(TableII).Themostcharacteristicspeciesspeciesare:isfoundinTableII.
Adiantumcapillus-veneris,,,IsoetesWealsoobtainedtwomajorclusterswithinthedendrogram
(OGUs)
=weakbreaks,GS=