有机化学知识点归纳(二).doc

有机化学知识点归纳(二)
Knowledge induction anic Chemistry (two)
First, the structure and properties pounds
1 Definitions of functional groups: atoms, clusters, or chemical bonds that determine the chemical properties pounds.
2. The functional groups, structural characteristics and main chemical properties pounds
(1) alkane
(A) functional group: No; general formula: CnH2n+2; representation: CH4
B) structural features: the bond angle is 109 degrees 28 ', and the space is tetrahedral molecule. So are the four valence bonds of each C atom in the alkane molecule.
(C) chemical properties: substitution reactions (with halogen elements, in light)
Combustion
Pyrolysis
(2) olefins:
A); functional groups: Formula: CnH2n (n = 2); representative: H2C=CH2
B) structural features: the bond angle is 120 degrees, and the double bond carbon atom is coplanar with the four atoms it connects.
C) chemical properties:
Addition reaction (with X2, H2, HX, H2O, etc.)
Dimerization reaction (with itself, other olefins)
Burning [source: college entrance examination% work KS%5U]
(3) alkynes:
A group: C = C); formula: CnH2n - 2 (n = 2); representative: HC = CH
B) structural features: the bond angle between carbon carbon three bond and single bond is 180 degrees.
The two carbon atoms are in the same line as the two atoms they are connected to.
(4) homologues of benzene and benzene:
A) formula: CnH2n - 6 (n = 6); representative:
B) structural features: the bond angle of benzene molecule is 120 degrees, the plane regular hexagon structure, 6 C atoms and 6 H atoms coplanar.
C) chemical properties:
The substitution reaction (HNO3, H2SO4, and bromine)
Addition reaction (with H2, Cl2, etc.)
(5) alcohol: [source: college entrance examination% work KS%5U]
(A) functional group: OH (alcohol hydroxyl); representative: CH3CH2OH, HOCH2CH2OH
B) features: hydroxyl substituted hydrocarbon molecules (or alicyclic molecules, phenyl side chain) product obtained by hydrogen atom.
The structure is